推荐历史唯物主义的原理知识点总结(精)(七篇)

推荐历史唯物主义的原理知识点总结(精)一

①重视理解，融会贯通。只有理解了的记忆才能持久;只有融会贯通，才能在考试时明晰问题的内在逻辑联系。②重视主干知识。主干知识是指对历史进程能够产生广泛影响的重要历史人物、重大历史事件、重要制度等。③重视原因、影响。原因和影响往往比较抽象，许多人觉得难记，也不太重视，但它们却是命题的“亮点”。④重视查缺补漏。

“点”是典型事件;“线”是指事件之间内在联系的线索;“面”是反映历史时期的整个内容。只有系统地把握历史知识结构，才能比较轻松地掌握一个时期或阶段的整体内容，进而捕捉历史的阶段性特征，解题时才能放得开、收得拢。

三、学会“弹钢琴”，不要平均使用力量。对教学中老师反复强调的重点知识、重点内容，多花时间复习，把精力放在知识内容的内在联系上，特别是在一些有跨度的问题上。

四月调考试卷表明，今年的中考不会孤立考查某个知识点，而是一个题中系统考查几个有内在联系的历史问题。建议同学们适当进行一些小专题训练。

今年中考试题很有可能联系当今热点问题，考查一些中外历史知识。

(1)审好题是做题的前提和关键。对于选择题，考生一定要从题干的立意出发，采用排除错误选项等方法。非选择题是往年材料题和简答题的组合，细心审题是答好问题的关键，尤其是找准题目中心词。

(2)答题要规范明确。作为主观题的简答题，考生要仔细阅读材料，准确、全面理解材料讲了些什么，讲述的是什么历史事件或历史人物;随后，要弄清楚题目的设问有几项，都问了些什么具体问题;最后，再理清设问，联系课文内容，找出答案，或通过分析材料得出答案。

(3)规范答题，落实“四化”。“四化”即段落化、要点化、提示化、序号化。

推荐历史唯物主义的原理知识点总结(精)二

浙商文化的历史探源

章剑鸣

（台州学院人文与社会学院；浙江；临海；317000）

摘要：浙商文化是人类在商品流通过程中所铸就的一种特殊的文化现象，它是浙商所创造的并且渗透在其一切行为系统里的观念体系和价值体系，是浙商在工商业行为进行过程中的思想、情感、价值观、行为方式、道德规范的总和。它是在浙江区位特色中形成、在深厚的文化积淀中产生、在改革开放中发展起来的。

关键词：浙商；浙商文化；概念；历史考察

改革开放以来，浙江经济的发展态势令人瞩目。究其原因，浙江文化是浙江经济发展的重要推动力。其中，浙商在追赶财富的路途上锻造出来的浙商文化，成为浙江文化近10多年来最有价值、最耐人寻味的部分。浙商文化何以形成？本文拟从浙商和浙商文化的定义入手，对浙商文化形成的原因做一探讨。

一、浙商与浙商文化的概念界说

浙商是浙商文化的创造主体。研究浙商文化，不能不谈“浙商”。但目前学术界对“浙商”与“浙商文化”这两个概念并没有确切的论证和阐述。在此，首先要给“浙商”与“浙商文化”的概念予以界说。

浙商是相对于历史上所谓的晋商、徽商、潮商等概念而提出来的。浙商是谁？顾名思义，浙商就是浙江商人。但这样的解释似乎不太让人满意和清楚。首先，因为浙江商人既可以理解为浙江籍的商人，也可以理解为在浙江经商的所有商人。如果指的是浙江籍的商人，那么就应该包括在浙江省内和省外经商的所有的浙江籍的商人；如果是指在浙江经商的所有商人，那么在浙江经商的外省籍（甚至外国籍）的商人也可以称为“浙商”了。显然，后一种的理解是有争议的。其次，由于商业经营的范围广，商人的类别也很多，经营层次有高有低。因此，在这里，给浙商下这样的定义：浙商是指浙江籍在省内和省外创业的所有企业的投资者和经营者。浙商是近代才崛起的，近代浙商是以宁波帮和龙游帮为代表。在现代，温州商人在浙商中的地位越来越突出，几乎成为浙商的代名词。

浙商文化是一种商人文化。关于“文化”概念的理解据统计有一百多种。按《辞海》的说法，广义的文化是指人类在社会实践中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。狭义的文化是指意识形态，如思想、道德、风尚、宗教、信仰、科技、学术等以及与之相适应的制度和机构。其实，文化应该是多层次的，“文化变迁可以分成很多层次，首先是物质层次，最后是思想与价值层次”。[1]浙商文化中的文化概念属于思想与价值层次的文化。由此，我们给浙商文化的解释是：浙商文化是人类在商品流通过程中所铸就的一种特殊的文化现象，它是浙商所创造的并且渗透在其一切行为系统里的观念体系和价值体系，是浙商在工商业行为进行过程中的思想、情感、价值观、行为方式、道德规范的总和。

二、浙商文化形成的历史考察

浙商文化是一种重商的地域文化。循着浙商的发育进程溯流而上，浙商文化是在特定的地理环境、人文传统和社会历史背景下形成和发展起来的。

（一）浙商文化是在浙江区位特色中形成的据汤恩比“挑战——应战”论，地理环境向人类提供生存空间、生存物质的同时也提出挑战，而文化（文明）是人类应战的结果。自然地理环境作为一个社会赖以生存发展的基本物质条件，它在文化形成过程中的作用和影响是显而易见的。不同的自然地理环境会使人们日常生产生活方式具有不同的特点，从而形成不同的行为习惯和经验传统，导致人的文化性格的差异。浙江位于东海之滨，是一个“无资源优势、无国家扶持、无优惠政策”的“三无”小省。浙江的区位有以下特色：（1）东部靠海，大陆海岸线长达20_多公里，是我国海岸线最长的沿海省份之一。（2）自然资源相当匮乏。缺铁、缺煤、缺油、缺大宗原材料。人口密度大，人均资源拥有量仅11.5%，位居全国倒数第三，被称为“资源小省”。(3)人多地少。浙江省人口4000多万，占全国的3.6%。陆地面积10.18万平方公里，占全国总面积的1.06%，是中国陆域面积最小的省份之一，而且山地、丘陵占全省面积的70.4%。全省耕地总面积为160.76万公顷,人均占地面积0.54亩,约为全国人均耕地1.59亩的三分之一，远低于世界粮农组织确立的人均耕地占有量0.79亩的最低警戒线。素有“七山一水二分田”之说。浙商文化的形成与浙江区位的这一特色密切相关、不可分割。

首先，靠海的地理位置和绵长的海岸线，孕育了浙江人扩张的海洋文化性格和善于经商的禀赋。

黑格尔在《历史哲学》中曾指出，生活在滨海地区的人民被大海“激起了勇气，要去超越那有限的一切。海邀请人类从事征服,从事海盗式的掠夺，但同时也鼓励人类从事商业和正当的利润。”浙江沿海居民傍海而居、出海而航的生活环境和生产实践，形成了更具开放性和更依赖商业交易的生产方式与生活传统，培育出了浙江人心胸开阔、敢冒风险、开拓进取的海洋文化性格和见风使舵、随机应变的能力以及对风险和不确定性的心理承受力。同时，为了抵御海洋生产作业过程中的各种风险以及远洋航运捕捞的需要，产生了合作生产的传统，使浙江人逐渐形成了一种比较适合团队生产要求的内在潜质，提高了浙江人遵从共同生产规范的内在禀赋和对各种非合作行为善于进行协调与制衡的博奕知识与能力。就海洋渔业是一种在风险与不确定性条件下生产寻利的过程来看，它与经商做生意有类似相通之处。靠海的地理环境不仅有利于发展工商实业、海外贸易和运输业，也有助于得风气之先和形成开放型、创新性思维方式，激励人们去竞争去冒险，开拓进取。所以，浙江人善于经商的禀赋不是天生的，而是在这种特定的海洋地理环境下造就的。

其次，自然资源的匮乏和人多地少的窘境，形成了浙江人经商务工和商游四海的谋生传统 。

浙江人多地少，人地矛盾给了浙江人沉重的生存压力，使人们产生了一种求生存求发展的强烈的忧患意识，也使得浙江人更加关注和探索自身的出路问题，表现出一切从自己生存实际出发的务实精神。人多地少的窘境，意味着要在农业之外寻求生存的门路。自然资源的匮乏，削弱了浙江人对于外界自然的消极依赖心理，更容易摆脱对土地的依恋，在商业文化传统的影响下，许多人为了寻找生计而从事工商业。同时也逼迫浙江人在市场竞争中必须比别人更勤于思考，比别人要花更多的心思去寻觅、捕捉商机，以自己敢为人先的创新实践，去赢得市场竞争的优势。如今，“走出去”的外向型生存之路，不仅带来的是每年几百亿元的资金和数以万计的市场主体，而且许许多多的浙江人的市场观念、市场意识、经营技巧，也是通过大胆地“走出去”学到的。同时，外向型生存之路的成功又反过来进一步激励和强化浙江人的开放意识。

再次，无国家的扶持和无优惠的政策，造就了浙江人的自强意识和拼搏精神。

浙江地处东南沿海，临近台湾。由于海峡两岸长期处于对抗，使浙江处于海防前线。历年来国家在浙江的投资很少，从1953年到1978年，累计人均国有投资只有411元，为全国平均数的一半，居全国倒数第一，国家大型建设投资项目在浙江几乎没有。因此，浙江人“等、靠、要”的依赖思想比较少，自主自立自强意识比较强，发展经济有强烈的欲望。于是一大批有商业头脑和意识的探路者在祖国大江南北“落地生根”。即使是在极左思想统治时期，虽然一天到晚割资本主义尾巴，但仍有不少的手工艺人和小商小贩偷偷摸摸外出经商打工。

再从浙江省内制度创新的版图分布看也很有意思，“浙商”精英主要集中在具有商业文化传统而人地矛盾十分紧张的地带，如温州、台州、金华、绍兴、宁波等地。相反，生存压力较小、物产富庶的杭嘉湖地区与地处僻远又缺乏商业传统的丽水、衢州等浙西南山区，优秀企业家集中度非常低。由此可见，区位特色是浙商崛起和浙商文化形成的一个非常重要的因素。

（二）浙商文化是在深厚的文化积淀中产生的任何一种文化都不是突然产生或一下子整体产生的。文化是历史变迁过程中的积淀，是国家和民族根之所系，脉之所维，是一个民族的精神和智慧的长期积累和凝聚，具有很强的历史传承性。浙江是中华民族的发祥地之一，文化历史源远流长。长期的生产实践和社会实践，形成了浙江特有的文化传统，涌现出了一大批学者、大师。他们的价值观念和行为取向，给浙商文化的产生奠定了深层次的文化精神底蕴。

1、“义利并重”的价值观念和“工商皆本”的文化传统，是构成浙商文化的基本因子。

自秦朝以来的近两千多年间，“重农抑商”一直是中国商业的基调。但在浙江历史上，许多著名的政治家和思想家，大多提出了重要的经济思想和发展经济的主张，南宋时期被合称为浙东事功学的以陈亮为代表的永康学派、以叶适为代表的永嘉学派、以吕祖谦为代表的金华学派以及明清时期的以王阳明为首的阳明心学派和以王宗羲等为代表的清代浙东学派，都曾大胆地提出了具有倡导功利、注重工商的新思想，在中国传统文化中独树一帜。特别是南宋时期形成的浙东学派的事功之学传统对浙商的影响可谓至深且巨，在观念形态上直接影响浙江商人的经营理念与方式，直至商业行为。如，南宋思想家、永康学派的代表人物陈亮认为义理存在功利之中，“功到成处，便是有德，事到济处，便是有理”[2]指出“农商一事”，“商藉农而立，农赖商而行”。永嘉学派的领军人物叶适反对义利两分，提倡功利，主张“以利和义”、“义利并立”。他说：“既无功利，则道义者乃无用之虚语耳。”[3]疾呼要“通商惠工，以国家之力扶持商贾，流通货币。”主张在政治上要大商大贾也可以做官。明代中叶的心学大师王阳明则大力倡导“四民平等”的新观念，认为士农工商只是社会分工的不同，没有高低贵贱之分。明末清初的思想家黄宗羲则提出“世儒不察，以工商为末，妄议抑之。夫工固圣王之所欲来，商又使其愿出于途者，盖皆本也。”[4]浙东事功各学派虽有不同之处，按其学术主张在本质上都有一个共同点，即重视工商，主张学术与事功统一、实事实功、学术的目的在于经世致用。陈亮主张“农商一事”，叶适主张“义利并存”、“大贾可官”，黄宗羲主张“工商皆本”，这些思想既是对传统抑商理论的否定，又是对传统商业文化的一种全新的整合。同传统的儒家正统思想形成鲜明对照，集中反映了浙江人在长期的社会实践中所形成的价值观念和行为方式，成为浙商文化的重要思想源流。加上浙江历史上书院兴盛、私塾众多，“耕读传家”，尊师重教，各种民间文艺繁荣，使这些思想观念在民间得到广泛传播，构成了浙江人的“遗传因子”，形成了“义利并存”和“工商皆本”的精神遗产，并代代相传，潜移默化地影响浙江人的社会心理，形成了浙江重商的区域文化传统。这为浙商的形成、发展作了充分的理论上的铺垫、心理上的准备、文化上的扶持，从而构成浙江商人崛起的文化背景。

2、商业发达的文化积淀和西方商业文明的熏陶，是浙商文化形成的源流。

浙江具有对外交往的悠久历史，又是近现代中西方文化交流的重要前沿，这使浙江人较早和较多地接受了西方文化的熏陶。明朝时，大批西方基督教士来到中国，带来了西方文化、思想和科学技术。而浙江又有许多具有早期启蒙思想的学人热衷于西学，如李之藻、杨廷筠对西方科学技术及其教育制度的推崇和译介，黄宗羲对西方科学知识的广泛吸收，朱舜水对西学务求实证的科学精神的倡导等等，加上浙江是沿海省份，是我国商品经济发源地之一。所以，这些与中国传统文化主流不和谐的文化因素极大地影响着浙江人的文化心态，使浙江文化走向了与传统文化不一致的方向。鸦片战争以后，中国被西方炮舰打开了国门，西方的政治、经济、文化势力大举入侵中国，这一方面使浙江的经济文化发展受到严重的摧残，另一方面客观上也为浙江经济文化的发展注入新的生机。近代工商业的兴起、新式教育的开办、中西人员的往来等等，都使浙江人较早和较多地接触到了近代商品经济的生产方式和管理模式，接触到了大量的同资本主义文明相关的价值观念、思想方式、行为模式及生活方式，开阔了自己的视野。大批浙江人到海外谋生，使浙江成为重要的侨乡，海外华侨成为浙江吸收外来文化的重要纽带。这对浙江人商业素质的形成和商业文化理性的完善产生了直接影响。

在重商的西方文化的催化下，形成了浙江发达的商业文化传统和“百工之乡”的产业传统。历史上，浙江一直是全国工商活动较为发达的地区。早在秦代以前，越国大臣范蠡辅助勾践打败吴国之后，就弃官从商，富甲天下，成为中国历史上有名的大商人。晋时，宁波“商贾已北至青、徐，南至交广”。唐代时，宁波、温州都是有名的贸易港。南宋期间，杭州、宁波、温州等地官方都设有市舶司，专管海外贸易。明清时，政府厉行海禁，但宁波、温州一带走私贸易很活跃，商人还装运硝黄、丝棉等违禁物品到日本等国做生意。近代以来，涌现出著名的宁波商邦，当时上海工商业巨子多为宁波人。商业文化的发达，大大削弱了儒家正统的重农轻商、重义轻利的思想观念影响。加之，浙江人多地少的生存压力，许多人走出家门，寻求生存空间。因此，浙江人少有安土重迁的自然经济观念。长期以来，浙江人在求生存发展的生活实践中，充分挖掘自身的潜力，形成了依靠自己的聪明才智和专业技能外出谋生的传统。浙江有“百工之乡”的美誉和“百工技艺”的传统，浙江人靠“小技”谋生，靠“小技”发家，不仅孕育出了门类齐全的手工业，造就了成千上万能工巧匠，而且形成了区域性的产业传统。“百工之乡”的产业传统和商业发达的文化积淀，哺育了浙商的聪明才智和专业技能。富有经商传统的浙江人，大做生意，经商传统得以继承并极大地发挥，一直影响到近代、当代的浙江人。

综观浙江文化发展的历史，浙江地域文化个性鲜明，重商思想一以贯之。在浙商文化形成的众多营养源中，重商的地域文化被认为是浙商大面积活跃的最主要的深层原因。?源远流长的区域文化传统，哺育了浙江人特别能适应市场经济的思想观念、行为习惯和生存技能，是浙商文化、浙商精神之根。

（三）浙商文化是在改革开放中发展起来的一般说来，商业文化都是商品经济发展和商业繁荣、以及商人力量壮大并在社会上具有一定影响之后所形成的一种特殊文化形态。换言之，商业的兴盛与商人的强大是商业文化形成和发展的不可缺少的历史前提。改革开放后，计划经济逐渐向市场经济发展，商品经济获得了前所未有的大发展，这为浙商文化的发展创造了得天独厚的天时。正如浙江大学史晋川教授所说：“如果没有改革开放的天时，如果没有计划经济向市场经济过渡的天时，浙商可能不会有今天的崛起”。[5]与此同时，浙商们也几乎无一例外地都将自己的成功归功于改革开放的政策环境，企业越大越是如此。

党的十一届三中全会之后，浙江人在“解放思想，实事求是”思想路线的指引下，在悠久的商业文化传统的基础上，率先打破对私有观念的怀疑，形成了一系列适应市场经济发展的新观念，浙江人迅速掀起了务工经商的热潮。改革开放的伟大实践，全面激活了浙江人的文化基因，营造了成千上百万浙商文化的主体——浙商群体。据统计资料显示，在浙江不到26人中就有1个老板，其中温州、台州等地平均4个家庭就有一家投资办企业。浙商的脚步还迈向全国和全世界。据20_年初步统计，目前，浙江共有390万在省外国内（不包括港澳台）创业人员，在外投资累计达3000多亿元，在国外的浙江人数超过60万，其中多数从事经商等经营活动。[6] 浙商已成为全国人数最多、比例最高、分布最广、影响最大的投资者经营者群体。他们成为倍受人关注的特殊群体，是被公认的中国推进社会主义市场经济的重要资源。改革开放以来，凭借对市场、经商、求利的文化认同，同时借鉴经营工商业的历史经验，浙江人在中国改革开放这一创造性的伟大实践中，如鱼得水，使自己的创造性和聪明才智得到了充分发挥。在社会创新实践中，他们走在了改革创新实践的前列，大胆尝试，大胆开拓，创造了许许多多可以载入中国改革史册的全国第一。近年来，他们不但带着资本和智慧到全国以至全球去经商办企业，而且在重商文化中进一步打造经济信用，在面临wto的现实面前，按照现代经济的要求努力学习各种与国际接轨的市场规则。

总之，源远流长的重商区域文化传统和浓郁的商业气息，流淌在浙江百姓的血液之中，“一有阳光就灿烂，一有土壤就发芽”。改革开放的伟大实践，全面激活了浙江人的文化基因，而且浙江的众多企业家、经营者们正在用自己的实践提升和完善这种文化基因，使它与当今时代发展有机的结合。在20多年的改革开放的实践中，浙江人身上表现得最为突出的是坚韧不拔的创业精神、奋发有为的自强意识、不图虚名的务实观念和敢为人先的创新勇气。中共浙江省委十届四次全会，首次高度概括地提出了“自强不息、坚韧不拔、勇于创新、讲求实效”的浙江精神，这16个字是改革开放的时代精神在浙江人身上的生动体现，是对浙江文化底蕴的揭示和浙江人文精神的提炼，是浙商文化的精髓。它哺育了浙江人特别能适应市场经济的思想观念、行为方式和生存技能，进而又转化为强大的物质力量。因而，浙商文化是在改革开放的过程中发展起来的，并伴随着中国改革开放的发展越来越引人关注。

参考文献：

[1] 余英时:从价值系统看中国文化的现代意义(m).转引自徐良高著:中国民族文化源新探(m).社会科学文献出版社:1999年11月版.第19页.

[2] 《宋史》卷四三六.《陈亮传》

[3] 《宋元学案》卷五十四.《水心学案》

[4] 《明夷待访录·财计三》

[5] 汪晓东:浙商:红旗还能打多久.华东新闻第七版.人民网.20_-06-09.

[6] 首届浙商论坛.浙江在线新闻网站.20_-06-06.

[7] 李永刚:浙江现代经济增长与传统文化理性——对经济与文化内在关联性的一个大样本研究（j）.中共杭州市委党校学报.20_年第6期.

[8] 顾红亮著:双峰并峙的浙商(m).杭州:浙江人民出版社.20_年版.

[9] 中共浙江省委宣传部课题组:浙江经济发展的活力探源（j）.浙江社会科学.20_年第2期.

[10]严士凡、卢新波:关于浙江模式的形成和发展前景问题的若干思考（j）.经济社会体制比较.20_年第3期.

exploring the historical resource of zhejiang business culture

zhang jianming

( school of humanities and social sciences, taizhou university, linhai, zhejiang, 317000)

abstract: zhejiang business culture is a kind of special cultural phenomenon from the process of human business circulation, it is the idea system and value system which is created by the zhejiang business man and permeate intheir behavior organization ,the total of the idea、feeling、value concepts、action and methods and code of ethics in the process of industrial and commercial behavior of zhejiang business man .zhejiang business culture was born in the deep accumulated culture and developed under the reform and opening-up policy.

keywords: zhejiang business; zhejiang business culture; notion; historical investigation

——发表在《广西社会科学》20_年第11期

trade union work systemtrade union work systemthe staff and workers' congresschapter i general principlesthe first is to protect my company workers democratic management power, full of enthusiasm and creativity of employees, wisdom run company, this regulation is public companies in the implementation of the board of directors general manager responsibility system under the leadership of the building at the same time, must establish and improve the system of workers' congress and other democratic management systems, security barrier and play the role of trade union organizations and representatives of the employees table in consideration of the major decision-making enterprises, supervision and supervision of administrative leadership, power and role of safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers and so the trade union committee of the enterprise is the work of the staff and workers' congress, and is responsible for the daily work of the staff and workers' the staff and workers' congress shall accept the ideological and political leadership of the party committee, and shall exercise its functions and powers within the limits prescribed by e fifth the staff and workers' congress shall actively support the general manager to exercise the authority of the management and decision making and the unified command of the production of workers' congress of democratic chapter of authorityarticle seventh the staff and workers' congress shall exercise the following functions and powers::a general manager, to listen to and consider the science about the company's operating principles, long-term long-term planning, the annual plan, the basic construction plan, major technological transformation and technology introduction plan, staff training plan, its own funds allocation and use of the program, and put forward opinions and suggestions, and make a resolution on the implementation of the , consider the company's salary adjustment through the program, the labor protection measures programs, incentives and other important regulatory rules and , to consider the use of the program, the welfare of the staff and workers' welfare programs and other major issues related to the lives of the workers and , evaluation and supervision of leading cadres at all levels of the company, and put forward suggestions on punishment and the five, the workers' congress meeting, can by the general manager on behalf of the government, the chairman of the trade union staff representatives signed the system of equal consultation and collective contract, for the common goal for the development of the company, each other is to assume the obligation to ensure the representative of the third chaptereighth employees of the company in accordance with the law to enjoy political rights were elected as representatives of the employees of e 99 the employees' representatives to the department room or the basic level branch as a unit, directly elected by the workers. the operators, technical personnel and management personnel, leading cadres and young workers, female workers have accounted for a certain proportion, the company and the department of leadership cadres of the general staff to do the total number of deputies to 55 employees on behalf of the ministry or the basic unit of the department of the unit is a single unit of the delegation, elected head..eleventh staff representatives for implementation of the permanent system of election, once every two years, may be re elected. the election of representatives of the employees table unit employees, elected units and workers have the right to supervise and replace the withdrawal of representatives of the staff and workers rights and obligations of the representatives of the twelfth staff and workers:a table, in the staff representative meeting, have the right to vote, to be elected in voting and voting rights. the right to execute executive congress resolutions and proposal to implement the situation to be , on behalf of workers should work hard to improve their own quality, on behalf of the legitimate interests of workers, and truthfully reflect the opinions and demands of the masses of workers, law-abiding model good books , on behalf of the staff and workers to exercise democratic rights, any organization and individual shall not suppress obstruction and strike fourth chapter organization systemthe thirteenth generation of workers congress delegation chairman presided over the meeting discussion, the members of the presidium shall, operators, managers and technicians. our company middle-level cadres, including workers, technical personnel, management staff should be more than fourteenth section of the workers' congress held once a year at least for each meeting, there must be 33 points more than two staff representatives attend the seats. in case of major matters by the general manager, the labor union of the company more than 1/3 staff or staff representatives proposal may convene the meeting. the workers' congress elections held and resolutions must be approved by all workers represented by more than -fifth of the workers congress around increase and enhance the vitality of enterprises, promote the technology step by step, improve economic efficiency, for enterprise management, an important problem of distribution system and workers life and fix the issue. staff and workers congress decided in its position within the scope of authority, without consent shall not be modified by the workers' congress sixteenth employee representative congress is not in session, the need for temporary solutionan important question by trade unions called post head meeting of representatives of the staff and workers, and consultation with the down of a workers' congress report confirmed. head meeting may participate in according to the meeting invited the leadership of the company and other relevant fifth chapter of the staff and workers' congress and the trade unionseventeenth work as a staff representative of the general assembly of the work of the organization, to undertake the following work:first, the organization of staff and workers elected , the collection of workers on behalf of the major issues of the proposal, presided over the work of representatives of the general assembly of the preparatory work and the organization of the , presided over the meeting of representatives of the staff and workers on behalf of the , the organization of specialized teams to investigate and research, to make recommendations to the workers' congress, inspection and supervision and supervision of the implementation of the resolution of the general assembly, the implementation of the staff and workers to implement the resolution of the general assembly on behalf of , to the staff and workers into the democratic management of publicity and education, the organization of staff and workers on behalf of the learning policy, business and management knowledge, improve the quality of the staff , accept and deal with the complaints and suggestions of representatives of the staff and workers, maintenance of the legitimate rights and interests of , the organization of democratic management of its other sixth chapter of the department of the room, the team's democratic managementaccording to the specific circumstances, the eighteenth department may take the form of the employees' congress or the employee's representative office to exercise democratic management power in the affairs of the authority of the enth teams and groups of democratic management, by the workers directly participate in the team's trade union leaders and workers under the auspices of the activities carried out under the auspices of the team building by the trade union leader to assist the squad seventh chapter supplementary provisionsarticle twentieth the company's trade unions shall be responsible for the interpretation of these e twenty-first of the regulations issued from the date of union workone, promote the party's road line, principles, policies, the implementation of the higher level of union spirit, under the leadership of the party committee and the completion of the work of the , strengthen democratic management, do a good job of the staff and workers' congress held preparatory, and closing work, do not hold regular workers delegation head of the meeting, to ensure the smooth flow of the main channel of , adhere to the "22" maintenance of unity, do a good job in the labor dispute mediation work, the protection of the specific interests of the masses of the protection of the masses of workers from , strengthen the source participation, actively participate in the company's various policy strategies, measures to develop, and supervise the implementation of the line, reflecting the wishes of the majority of workers and , the organization of workers to carry out labor competition, to make reasonable proposals, small leather, small inventions to create a living activity, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the production of , to carry out the "warm and warm project" activities for the workers to run everything, practical things, to help solve the difficult life, do a good job of mutual assistance insurance and staff and workers to study and research , establish and perfect the trade unions at all levels, achieve organization system network, fixed regularly held congress, a good new member of the development and transfer of , establish and improve the levels of female workers organization, coordination of relevant departments to do a good job of female female workers "four period", play essential role of female workers into the sky, to promote the development of production, protect the legitimate rights and interests of women workers are not , the group organized the staff to carry out health, education and teaching in music, small and diverse cultural and sports activities, active corporate cultural life, and strive to enhance the cohesion of the , to strengthen the financial management of the union, according to the trade union funds on time, to develop the use of the labor union funds budget, reasonable expenses, and do a good job in the collection and use of union membership management systemarticle 1 this regulation is formulated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the articles of association of china's trade union, and with the company's actual who meet the conditions for membership in the union constitution and the provisions of the china , has signed a labor contract with the company staff can apply to join into the uni apply for unionized workers, shall i put out the application, and the chinese national federation of trade unions shall fill in "application form" and "trade union membership registration form", by the union approval group and grass-roots trade union audit, is a member of the union. its membership from the union committee approved the date trade union members should actively participate in the activities of the union, the right to exercise their rights and fulfill their obligations, and timely payment of members will be free to go back. members of the withdrawal will be written application, through the trade union group, approved by the labor union committee, from the day of withdrawal will stop paying their members do not have the proper reason to continue for 6 months without payment of membership dues, do not participate in the processing will organize life, education refused to correct, should be regarded as automatic e 77 where serious crimes and criminal sanctions by members of trade unions, by the committee for discussion and decision, dismissed its relationship between the eighth members of the organization changes with the change of labor relations, the labor relations of the members change, the relationship between the members of the human relations with me to transfer, with the membership card to to master company membership, every month 25 days before this grass-roots trade unions shall fill in "grass-roots union members report union office reported to the company, requirements in a timely manner, digital true and such as the management of the members of the lost dangdang, causing unnecessary labor disputes, etc., will be held responsible for the relevant th handle refund formalities will have workers, and apply for membership, allowing it to re apply for the admission h members retired, retired, laid-off, insurable retained membership. membership retention period from dues. members maintain membership, no longer have the right to vote and to be elected in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state. in addition to enjoy the insurance benefits, the same treatment will no longer enjoy enth the ordinance shall be implemented as of the date of promulgation, and the right to interpret it shall be in the company's trade union chairman job dutiesone, in the company party branch and the superior trade union under the leadership of the trade union committee, presided over this unit is responsible for the daily work. the trade union work plan, regular arrangement, examination, summing up the work, and timely reporting to the party branch and trade , the implementation of the implementation of the party's line, principles, policies, adhere to the production and operation of enterprises as the center of the heart and to democratic management as the focus, play the essential role of working mechanism of the congress, the comprehensive carry out the activities of trade , the implementation of democratic centralism principle, chaired by members of the general assembly or a member of congress, trade union committee, democracy, brainstorming, the trade unions do to promote the harmonious development of enterprises and employees, the stability and unity of the home of , support the work of enterprise administration, to participate in the development of the enterprise planning, reform and innovation and life and other important work to discuss the work, and actively put forward reasonable , do the preparatory work of the congress, to complete the work of the congress delegate , pay attention to listen to the opinions and requirements of the majority of members, in a timely manner to the party branch and the administrative counter reflection, the maintenance of the rights and interests of workers and the vital interests of the enterprise administrative staff to help improve the welfare of , the organization to carry out health and physical and mental health of the culture and entertainment, sports , responsible for the scope of trade unions in the political learning, assessment, awarding , to assist the female staff members will do a good job of female staff and workers, to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of female , assist enterprises in the relevant aspects of the association, do a good job in the work of retired workers and their , the examination and approval of trade union , timely completion of the party organization and the work of the superior union ed rules for the implementation of the regulations of the staff and workers' congresschapter i general provisionsthe first one according to the people's republic of china constitution in and theconsolidation industrial workers congress during the people's republic of china regulations cases of industrial enterprises owned by the "spirit, the regulations implementing rules are second company employee representative congress is the basic form of democratic management of the enterprise, is the right agency workers to exercise their democratic management. the main work is the trade union committee organization of the staff and workers' congress, responsible for the daily work of the workers' employees in the company under the leadership of party branch, to implement the party's line, principles and policies of needles, and state laws and regulations, correctly handle the state, collective, individual interests of the three, in the law within the prescribed scope of e 44 the congress shall actively support the general manager of the company to exercise the management decision and the unified command of production, scientific research activities to establish and improve the system of workers' congress and other democratic management systems, security and play the role of trade union organizations and representatives of the staff and workers to review the major decision of enterprises in the trial supervision, administrative leadership, role and rights to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests and so e 66 the congress implement democratic centralism in the chapter of authoritythe seventh congress exercised the following powersfirst, the right to consider proposalslisten to the general manager of the regular work report; review; business policy, long-term long-term planning, the annual plan; basic construction plan; major technical transformation scheme;; employee training plan; financial budget is put forward opinions and suggestions; gold funds allocation and use , the review of the consent or vetothe salary adjustment scheme of the enterprise; the bonus scheme; the labor protection measures; the reward measures for the employees and the important rules and regulations of the enterprise are , to consider the right to decide:for workers fulili fund; workers housing allocation; other important matters relating to workers living welfare review will be , appraisal, supervision powerleading cadres at all levels of supervision, regular review, general manager of the office should fulfill the duties and objectives of supervision, the layers of cadres to the general manager of science can be put forward to praise, reward, punishment, promotion or group of criticism, dismissed , the right to democratic electionsaccording to the superior department in charge of the deployment of the competent authorities or the approval of the higher authorities, the staff representatives of the people's democratic recommendation or the election of enterprise administrative leadership, and the election results reported to the competent authorities for eighth congress will be the taskfirst, the party and government departments to do a good job of the "two" civilization, the workers of the ideological, discipline and professional ethics , congress should support education workers of the company general manager for the mobilization of workers to carry out the exercise of the powers, the provisions, abide by discipline, efforts to complete the , close contact with the general staff and workers, to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers, and truthfully reflect the views and requirements of the representative of the third chapterthe ninth company employees entitled to political rights in accordance with the provisions of the law, can be elected as the representative of the representatives of the staff and workers to produce, should take the department, the workshop as a unit, by the workers directly elected, not appointed by the leadership of the leadership. the number of its representatives should be accounted for 10-20%. of the total number of workerseleventh a staff representative should be a worker, technical personnel, management personnel, workers and other leading cadres group consisting of young workers and female workers should be accounted for a proper proportion. a guest, attend on behalf of several ing to the needs of the work and the number of representatives of the composition of a number of representatives of the table group, elected leader, deputy h representatives of the staff and workers of real implementation of the permanent system, every three to four years of election election once, may be re e thirteenth supplementary supplementary of thejapan soldiers at face value, without trace, left. (22) shen longbao bricks crushed to death the japanese autumn 1941, new cheng shen longbao cpc underground party members were ordered to scout the japanese military, as he was walking along the top edge of the new town to scout behind the japanese military police, probably not a box gun

trade union work systemtrade union work systemthe staff and workers' congr

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